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The Haihe River Basin is a crucial agricultural production region in China, and understanding the temporal and spatial characteristics of drought is vital for managing agricultural water resources and ensuring food security. Drought fluorescence monitoring index (DFMI) for the Haihe River Basin was constructed-based on the sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), land surface temperature (LST), precipitation, and soil moisture (SM). This index comprehensively integrated vegetation growth, temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture content to monitor drought conditions. At the same time, the accuracy of the DFMI was evaluated by using existing drought indices and soil moisture data from monitoring stations. Additionally, trend analysis and run theory were employed to analyze the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of the DFMI in the Haihe River Basin from 2001 to 2021, as well as the spatial distribution of variables such as drought frequency, drought duration, and drought intensity. Results indicated that the correlation coefficients between DFMI and SM, self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index (scPDSI), standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) (SPEI01, SPEI03, SPEI06, SPEI09, SPEI12) were 0.58, 0.64, 0.73, 0.52, 0.44, 0.47 and 0.49, respectively. The correlation between DFMI and SM at 12 sites passed the 0.05 significance level test, indicating that DFMI was suitable for drought monitoring in the Haihe River Basin. The annual mean value of DFMI in the Haihe River Basin exhibited a significant increasing trend from 2001 to 2021, with an increase rate of 0.009 7/a (p<0.05). The highest increase rate was observed in autumn (0.013 1/a, p<0.05), and the lowest in spring (0.007 7/a, p<0.05). The annual DFMI in Haihe River Basin showed a significant upward trend (p<0.05), with 99.18% of the area exhibiting this trend. In spring, summer, autumn, and winter, the area showed a significant upward trend in DFMI accounted for 38.36%, 63.42%, 58.96%, and 50.26%, respectively, with most of these areas located in the northwest of the basin. From 2001 to 2021, areas with high drought frequency (30 to 37 times) were mainly concentrated in the southern part of the Haihe River Basin. Regions with high average drought duration (5 to 10.2 months) were found in the northern part, and areas with high drought intensity (0.30 to 0.37) were found in the central and southeastern parts of the basin. These findings can provide scientific evidence for water resource management and drought prevention and mitigation in the basin.