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Aiming to systematically analyze the effects of straw returning on greenhouse gas emissions from wheat farmland under different climatic conditions, soil properties and field management measures, field trial data from published papers were integrated through literature retrieval and Meta-analysis method was used to quantitatively study the effect of straw returning on greenhouse gas emissions from wheat farmland under various production conditions. Simultaneously, the relative importance of various influencing factors on greenhouse gas emissions was evaluated. The results indicated that compared with no straw returning, straw returning significantly increased soil N2O emission by 15.50%, CO2 emission by 10.68%, and CH4 absorption was increased by 26.45% （P＜0.05). When the annual precipitation was higher than 1 000 mm, straw returning resulted in the smallest increase in soil N2O and CO2 emissions, and the largest increase in CH4 absorption, with effect values of 5.02%, 9.88% and 381.63%, respectively. When the annual average temperature was no more than 10℃, straw returning resulted in the smallest increase in soil CO2 emissions, and when the annual average temperature was higher than 15℃, straw returning resulted in the smallest increase in soil N2O emissions and the largest increase in CH4 absorption. Under straw returning, soil N2O emission effect values were decreased as soil organic carbon content was increased, while CH4 absorption effect values were increased with the increase of organic carbon content. Under straw returning, the N2O emission effect was decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rates, while the CO2 emission effect was firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rates. Under no-tillage conditions, straw returning significantly reduced soil CO2 emissions by 10.81% （P＜0.05) and significantly increased CH4 absorption by 91.00% （P＜0.05). Straw mulching significantly increased CH4 absorption by 202.04% （P＜0.05). Partial straw returning reduced soil N2O emissions by 11.33% and significantly increased CH4 absorption by 121.64% （P＜0.05). Annual precipitation, total nitrogen, organic carbon, and nitrogen application rate had significant impacts on greenhouse gas emissions from farmland soil under straw returning. These findings can provide a reference for optimizing straw management practices and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from farmland ecosystems.