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Aiming to address the issues of crop damage, insufficient flexibility, and poor passability associated with chassis systems in field crop phenotyping information perception robots, a chassis was designed that integrated wheel-crawler switching and stepless wheelbase adjustment functionalities, taking into account the agronomic practices and growth characteristics of rice and wheat cultivation in China. The overall structure and operational principles of the chassis were elaborated, and three types of easily switchable locomotion devices, i.e., a rigid impeller, inflatable rubber wheels, and triangular tracks were developed. Additionally, components for independent four-wheel drive and four-wheel steering, along with a device for precise stepless adjustment of wheelbase, were designed. The steering performance, stability, and passability of the robot chassis were theoretically analyzed, with results confirming that the performance met the design requirements. Finite element analysis was conducted on the chassis frame, demonstrating that both the strength and stiffness met the design specifications and that resonance induced by terrain excitation can be effectively mitigated. Field tests conducted on the prototype indicated that the robot chassis exhibited excellent driving performance, with maximum linear travel speeds of 1.02 m/s, 0.98 m/s, and 0.73 m/s across the three configurations, while accelerations were recorded at 0.3 m/s2, 0.33 m/s2, and 0.18 m/s2, respectively. The average deviation rates during travel were 2.35%, 1.18%, and 1.89%, respectively. The minimum turning radii for the wheeled and triangular tracked configurations were 2 306 mm and 1 432 mm, respectively. The rigid impeller configuration achieved a longitudinal climbing angle of 30° and a lateral climbing angle of 28°. The robot successfully traversed vertical obstacles up to 350 mm in height and negotiated field ridges of 308 mm, thereby meeting the operational requirements for phenotyping information perception in large field scenarios.