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Aiming at the problems of low steady-state accuracy and slow response speed of variable fertilization control system for liquid fertilizer of valve-controlled hydraulic motor, a variable fertilization control algorithm for liquid fertilizer based on particle swarm optimization RBF?PID（PSO?RBF?PID） was proposed. Firstly, the closed-loop transfer function of the control system of liquid fertilizer variable fertilization control system was established, and the key parameters of RBF neural network were optimized by PSO algorithm, and compared with traditional PID and RBF-PID control,，Matlab/Simulink software was used for simulation analysis. The simulation results showed that the adjustment time and tracking error of the system under PSO ?RBF ? PID control were the smallest，which verified the feasibility of the algorithm. A test bench of liquid fertilizer variable rate fertilization control system was built and indoor experiments were carried out to verify the flow measurement accuracy of the system. The results showed that the relative error of the system measurement was less than 4%, which met the measurement requirements. The static and dynamic characteristics of the system under the control of different algorithms were tested. The experimental results showed that the maximum relative errors of system flow under the control of traditional PID,，RBF ? PID and PSO ? RBF ? PID were 5.33%,，3.83% and 2.50%, respectively, and the average adjustment time of the system was 5.16 s，3.80 s and 2.19 s, respectively, when the target flow value changed suddenly. Each index of the proposed PSO?RBF?PID control algorithm was superior to that of the traditional PID and RBF ?PID control, which can ensure that the system had good static and dynamic characteristics and met the variable application requirements of liquid fertilizer.