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甘蔗機(jī)械化收獲技術(shù)與裝備研究綜述
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國(guó)家重大農(nóng)業(yè)攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目和財(cái)政部和農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部:國(guó)家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系項(xiàng)目(CARS-14)


Technology and Equipment of Sugarcane Harvesting Mechanization Review
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    摘要:

    收獲機(jī)械化率低是影響我國(guó)甘蔗產(chǎn)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因素之一,,適用的機(jī)收技術(shù)與裝備是推進(jìn)機(jī)收發(fā)展的必要條件。本文從收獲窗口期甘蔗的理化特性,,糖廠與農(nóng)藝對(duì)機(jī)收的技術(shù)要求,,機(jī)械化收獲的技術(shù)路線,機(jī)收分行與扶起,、切梢,、推倒、根部切割,、輸送,、切段、除雜,、集料等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)與部件以及收獲系統(tǒng)等方面進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)梳理,。分析了這些技術(shù)存在的問(wèn)題和國(guó)內(nèi)外收獲機(jī)在我國(guó)的適用性。我國(guó)已形成了完備的科研與制造體系,,生產(chǎn)出大,、中、小型系列甘蔗收獲機(jī),。我國(guó)甘蔗收獲機(jī)械的研制具有自上而下的研發(fā)任務(wù)和政策引導(dǎo),,以及在引進(jìn)、消化吸收國(guó)外先進(jìn)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行研發(fā)的特點(diǎn),,甘蔗收獲機(jī)技術(shù)路線創(chuàng)新不夠,,關(guān)鍵技術(shù)原創(chuàng)性不足。國(guó)內(nèi)外現(xiàn)有機(jī)型在我國(guó)的適用性較差,,糖廠和蔗農(nóng)對(duì)機(jī)收含雜率,、損失率、根茬破頭率和蔗田碾壓的接受程度較低,。結(jié)合我國(guó)蔗糖產(chǎn)業(yè)實(shí)際情況,、甘蔗立地和農(nóng)藝技術(shù)條件,創(chuàng)制適用機(jī)收技術(shù)與裝備:針對(duì)云南甘蔗倒伏較輕和蔗莖較脆的特點(diǎn),,研制扶起-立式輸送-剝?nèi)~與打捆聯(lián)合收獲技術(shù),;針對(duì)廣西、廣東榨季多雨和甘蔗倒伏較嚴(yán)重的特點(diǎn),,研制以推倒-伏臥輸送割堆(捆)技術(shù)為核心的分步協(xié)同機(jī)收技術(shù),;針對(duì)農(nóng)村田塊小和窄行距的特點(diǎn),,研制雙行機(jī)收技術(shù)與機(jī)具;針對(duì)大型農(nóng)場(chǎng)適合大,、中機(jī)具作業(yè)的特點(diǎn),,完善寬行距固定軌跡作業(yè)農(nóng)機(jī)農(nóng)藝融合技術(shù)。

    Abstract:

    The lower rate of mechanized harvest of sugarcane was one of the key factors which affected the sustainable development of sugarcane industry in China. Suitable harvesting technology and equipment were the necessary conditions of promoting the development of sugarcane harvesting. The physical and chemical properties of sugarcane during the harvest window, the technical requirements of sugar mills and agronomy for mechanized harvesting, the technical route of machined harvesting, the key technologies and its device of sugarcane harvester, such as dividing and lifting, topping, knocking down, base cutting, conveying, chopping, removing impurities, material collected, and harvesting systems were reviewed. The existing problems of those key technologies and the applicability of domestic and imported harvesters in China were analyzed. China had formed a complete research and manufacturing system, and large, medium and small size sugarcane harvesters have been made. The research and development of sugarcane harvesting machinery in China had two obvious characteristics, one was the topdown research and development tasks and policy guidance, the other was that it was based on the foreign advanced technology.Its technology route of sugarcane harvester and its key technologies were both not innovative enough. The existing harvesters of home made and imported had poor adaptability in China.Their impurity content, field loss rate, stubble damage rate and soil compaction of fields were less acceptable to sugar mills and sugarcane farmers. The suitable harvesting technology and equipment should be developed based on the actual situation of sugarcane industry, sugarcane site and agronomic technology situation. In Yunnan Province, sugarcane was less lodged and its variety stem was brittle, the combined harvesting technology of sugarcane vertical conveying, leaf stripping and baling should be developed. In Guangxi and Guangdong Provinces, it is rainy weather in sugarcane harvest window, and its sugarcane was usually lodged badly. A multi-steps cooperative harvesting technology with knockdown and lying conveying whole stalk harvesting and centralized impurity removal technology should be developed. According to the characteristics of small size and narrow row space in rural sugarcane field, the technology of double-row harvesting should be developed.According to the characteristics of large farm suitable for large and medium machine operation, the agronomic integration technology of wide row spacing and fixed track operation should be developed.

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劉慶庭,黃瑤,蔣姣麗,武濤.甘蔗機(jī)械化收獲技術(shù)與裝備研究綜述[J].農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),2024,55(12):1-21. LIU Qingting, HUANG Yao, JIANG Jiaoli, WU Tao. Technology and Equipment of Sugarcane Harvesting Mechanization Review[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2024,55(12):1-21.

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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-08
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  • 在線發(fā)布日期: 2024-12-10
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