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The south bank of the Yellow River in Dalate Banner, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is characterized by arid climate, low precipitation, annual evaporation much larger than annual precipitation, and the proximity to the Yellow River leads to a high water table, which leads to prominent soil salinization. Taking the saline soil along the south bank of the Yellow River in Dalate Banner as the research object, based on the multi-source data of Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, Landsat-8 and SRTM DEM, correlation analysis and continuous variable projection combined with Lasso regression (Lasso), random forest regression (RF), light gradient boosting machine model (LightGBM), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), one dimensional convolutional neural networks (1DCNNs), and deep neural network (DNN) were used to estimate soil salinity during spring bare soil period and vegetation cover period. The results showed that the XGBoost model had the highest accuracy, and the coefficients of determination (R2) of the test sets were 0.76 and 0.58 for the spring bare soil period and vegetation cover period, the root mean square errors (RMSE) were 5.76 g/kg and 7.22 g/kg, and the mean absolute errors (MAE) were 3.38 g/kg and 4.33 g/kg. The combination of multi-source remote sensing data and the variable screening method by using the XGBoost model revealed that the soil salinity spatial distribution in different seasons in the study area was the most effective, and the results of salinity inversion basically coincided with the results of the actual field investigation and analysis. The variable importance analysis showed that the important inversion factors in the spring bare soil period and vegetation cover period were salinity index (48.3%) and topography factor (33.8%), vegetation index (22%) and topography factor (47.9%), respectively. The research result can provide an effective method for remote sensing inversion of saline and alkaline land on the south bank of the Yellow River in Dalat Banner, and provide a theoretical basis for monitoring and preventing salinized soil in the spring bare soil period and vegetation cover period.