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Aiming to study the temporal and spatial distribution of flash drought in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain and its impacts on vegetation photosynthesis, the spatiotemporal variations of climate variables and flash drought events of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain in 2001—2020 were firstly identified based on the reanalysis datasets of ERA5 and SMCI1.0. Daily soil moisture data for each layer were used to calculate the pentad-averaged (5 d) values and further converted into soil moisture percentile. A flash drought event was recognized when the soil moisture percentile declined from 40% to 20% within four pentads. In this way, temporal-spatial distributions were analyzed for the times and duration of flash drought in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.Meanwhile, solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) were used to represent growth statues of vegetation. Variations in SIF, NDVI, and EVI were compared along with the dynamics of soil moisture changes. The correlation coefficient between SIF and the times of flash droughts was also used to study the photosynthesis of different vegetation types responding to flash drought. The results indicated a warming and humidifying environment of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain in 2001—2020. Flash drought was more severe in the northwest and southeast of this region. Most areas experienced more than 20 times of flash drought events with a cumulative duration exceeding 90 pentads in 2001—2020. Meanwhile, increasing trends were found for both times and duration of flash drought for most areas in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, with rising rates of 0.6 times per 10 a and 2.2 pentads per 10 a, respectively. Notably, the areas with increasing trends were mainly located in the areas with frequent flash drought events. Temperature (significant positive correlation), wind speed (negative correlation), and precipitation (negative correlation) were the three most related meteorological variables with flash drought. Compared with the NDVI and the EVI, SIF varied more synchronously with soil moisture during flash drought events. Furthermore, responses of photosynthesis to flash drought were different among the four vegetation types. Shrubland photosynthesis had the highest sensitivity to flash drought, followed by farmland, forest, and grassland. However, the largest correlation coefficients were similar among the four vegetation types in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.