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Aiming at the problems of complex seeding structures and insufficient seeding rates under high-volume conditions in existing pneumatic seeding devices for both rapeseed and wheat, a vertical trough high-throughput seeding device was designed. The working principle of the seeding device was expounded, the main structural parameters of the variable volume seeding mechanism were determined, the effects of working parameters such as seeding speed and the extension length of vertical trough wheel blades on the seeding performance for rapeseed and wheat were analyzed, and the optimal working parameter ranges for the seeding performance of rapeseed and wheat were clarified. The EDEM simulation test results showed that vertical trough seed supply device had good arch-breaking and seed-filling performance, as well as consistency of seed movement trajectory during seed supply. When the seeding speed for wheat was not less than 20 r/min and the blade extension length was not less than 9 mm, it can effectively avoid pulsation seeding issues and achieve stable seeding for both rapeseed and wheat. Bench test results indicated that when seeding rapeseed at a seeding speed of 10~30 r/min, the seeding device’s seeding rate can reach 66.20~210.41 g/min, with coefficient of variation for seeding rate stability of less than 2.3% and seed breakage rate of less than 0.65%. When seeding wheat at seeding speed of 20~50 r/min and blade extension length of 9~21 mm, the seeding device’s seeding rate can reach 1 184.20~6 080.44 g/min, with coefficient of variation for seeding rate stability of less than 1.9% and seed breakage rate of less than 0.4%. Field test results showed that when the seeding rates for rapeseed and wheat was 6.5 kg/hm2 and 180 kg/hm2, respectively, the total seeding errors for the seeder equipped with the vertical trough seeding device was 1.68% and 4.16%, respectively. Post-emergence measurements indicated that the average plant spacing for rapeseed and wheat was 56.96 mm and 23.34 mm, respectively, and the coefficient of variation of the consistency of each row was 16.92% and 18.02%, respectively, meeting the standard requirements of seeding operations.