ass日本风韵熟妇pics男人扒开女人屁屁桶到爽|扒开胸露出奶头亲吻视频|邻居少妇的诱惑|人人妻在线播放|日日摸夜夜摸狠狠摸婷婷|制服 丝袜 人妻|激情熟妇中文字幕|看黄色欧美特一级|日本av人妻系列|高潮对白av,丰满岳妇乱熟妇之荡,日本丰满熟妇乱又伦,日韩欧美一区二区三区在线

An experiment setup for the contraction force measurements of pneumatic muscles was developed for sake of the pneumatic muscle’s dynamic characteristics. The pneumatic muscle force-displacement hysteresis characteristics were found to be asymmetry, with nonlocal memory, weak correlation of high internal pressure, and quasi rate-independent by investigating the influence of the internal pressure, stroke, contraction velocity, contraction frequency on the pneumatic muscle’s force-displacement. Aiming at the problem that the existing Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) model cannot predict force-displacement hysteresis much well, a modified PI+Dead-zone hysteresis model was developed by incorporating a modified dead-zone operator with the classical PI model. The model’s parameters were further estimated by the least square method and the model precision was compared with the classical PI model, the classical Bouc-Wen (BW) model, PI+Polynomial model, Wang-Wen model and BW+Polynomial model. Comparative experiment results showed that the PI type models performed much better than BW model, and the modified PI+Dead-zone model can predict force-displacement hysteresis best with the absolute mean error less than 1N and the mean variance less than 1.5N under each contraction condition. Furthermore, the classical PI model which possessed fewer model parameters can also estimate the force-displacement hysteresis accurately during a short contraction. Above experimental results provided a valid reference for nonlinear control of the PAM actuated servo system.