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苜蓿對(duì)農(nóng)田耗水過程與鹽分變化的影響
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中國(guó)水利水電科學(xué)研究院科研專項(xiàng)(MK2017J07),、國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(51409174)和內(nèi)蒙古科技重大專項(xiàng)


Effect of Alfalfa on Water Consumption Process and Salt Changes in Fields
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    摘要:

    為了探究苜蓿對(duì)農(nóng)田耗水過程及鹽分變化的影響,以苜蓿農(nóng)田為研究對(duì)象,以傳統(tǒng)玉米農(nóng)田為對(duì)照,,分析傳統(tǒng)玉米農(nóng)田改種苜蓿后滲漏量,、地下水補(bǔ)給量,、蒸發(fā)量及蒸騰量變化特征,;應(yīng)用穩(wěn)定氫氧同位素定量分析各潛在水源貢獻(xiàn)率,,并分析土壤中鹽分變化規(guī)律,。結(jié)果表明:改種苜蓿后農(nóng)田總耗水量提高20.17%,,蒸發(fā)蒸騰量比平均值降低66.64%,其中,,蒸發(fā)量減少6.21%,、蒸騰量提高35.80%、土壤貯水變化量減少8.08%,、滲漏量減少39.68%,、地下水對(duì)作物的補(bǔ)給量增加153.45%。生育期內(nèi)苜蓿農(nóng)田與玉米農(nóng)田相比,,0~100cm各土層土壤體積含水率變化分為劇烈波動(dòng)階段和線性下降階段,,7月0~60cm土壤體積含水率變化呈“U”形,而玉米農(nóng)田0~60cm土壤體積含水率變化呈“V”形,。生育期內(nèi)苜蓿農(nóng)田0~30cm平均土壤水分較玉米農(nóng)田分布均勻,。苜蓿農(nóng)田對(duì)土壤水、灌溉水,、地下水吸收利用無明確偏向性,;而玉米農(nóng)田水分利用具有偏向性,各潛在水源中主要利用0~40cm土層土壤水,。不同時(shí)間取樣0~100cm土層土壤水,,苜蓿農(nóng)田不同時(shí)期優(yōu)先利用0~40cm中某一土層土壤水,玉米農(nóng)田主要固定利用30~40cm土層土壤水。生育期內(nèi)苜蓿農(nóng)田,、玉米農(nóng)田0~100cm土壤平均脫鹽率分別為53.90%,、12.43%。苜蓿農(nóng)田,、玉米農(nóng)田10~30cm與30~60cm土壤電導(dǎo)率差值絕對(duì)值分別在0~0.06mS/cm,、0~0.13mS/cm之間,苜蓿農(nóng)田10~60cm土壤電導(dǎo)率較玉米農(nóng)田相對(duì)集中且分布均勻,。5月苜蓿農(nóng)田10cm以下土層除30~40cm均呈積鹽狀態(tài),,且平均土壤儲(chǔ)鹽變化率較玉米農(nóng)田低;6—8月苜蓿農(nóng)田0~100cm土壤鹽分較玉米農(nóng)田變化幅度大,,呈積鹽狀態(tài),;9月苜蓿農(nóng)田不同土層土壤鹽分整體呈脫鹽狀態(tài),土壤最大儲(chǔ)鹽量變化率為-15.31%,,隨深度增加,,土壤儲(chǔ)鹽量變化率先增大后趨于穩(wěn)定,而玉米農(nóng)田整體呈積鹽狀態(tài),,80~100cm土壤儲(chǔ)鹽量變化率最大,。改種苜蓿增強(qiáng)了地下水利用,降低了蒸發(fā)蒸騰比,,抑制了土壤鹽分,,改鹽增草(飼)興牧發(fā)展苜蓿種植有利于鹽漬化農(nóng)田的改善。

    Abstract:

    It is significant to explore planting alfalfa on process of the water consumption and salt changes in fields. Taking alfalfa field as the research object and the corn field as the control, the variation of leakage, groundwater recharge, evaporation and transpiration in fields of alfalfa was analyzed. Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope was used to analyze of the contribution rate of each potential water source, and the changes of salt in the soil was analyzed. The results showed that the total water consumption of alfalfa fields was increased by 20.17%, evapotranspiration ratio was decreased by 66.64% on average. among which the evaporation was decreased by 6.21%, the transpiration rate was increased by 35.80%, the variation of soil water storage was decreased by 8.08%, the leakage was reduced by 39.68% and the supply of groundwater to crops was increased by 153.45%. Relative to corn field, the change of soil volumetric water content was divided into severe fluctuation phase and linear decline phase in 0~100cm soil layers during the growing period. In July, alfalfa field change of soil volume and water content in 0~60cm presented a “U” shape, and the change of soil water content in 0~60cm soil of corn field showed type of “V”. The average soil moisture of 0~30cm in alfalfa field was more evenly distributed than that in corn field during the growing period. There was no clear bias in the absorption, utilization of soil water, irrigation water and groundwater in alfalfa field. However, the water use of maize farmland was biased, and the soil water in soil layer of 0~40cm was mainly used in each potential water sources. By studying soil water in soil layer of 0~100cm at different times, it was flexible to use soil water in a certain soil layer of 0~40cm in the different periods of alfalfa farmland. The corn farmland mainly used water in 30~40cm soil. During the growing period, the average desalting rates of 0~100cm in alfalfa field and corn field were 53.90% and 12.43%, respectively. The absolute difference values of soil salt were 0~0.06mS/cm and 0~0.13mS/cm of soil conductivity in 10~30cm and 30~60cm in the alfalfa field and corn field respectively. The soil conductivity of 10~60cm in the alfalfa field was relatively concentrated and more evenly distributed compared with the corn field. In May, except for 0~10cm and 30~40cm soil layers of the alfalfa field were in a state of salt accumulation and the average rate of change of soil storage salt was smaller than that of corn farmland. From June to August, the soil conductivity of 0~100cm in alfalfa field was larger than that in corn farmland, which was in the state of salt accumulation. In September, the overall soil salinity of different soil layers in the alfalfa field was in a desalted state, and the maximum salt storage rate of the soil was -15.31%.As the depth increase, the change of soil salinity was increased first, and then tended to be stable. However, the overall soil salinity of the corn field was in a salt accumulation state. The change rate of soil salinity was the largest in 80~100cm soil. Therefore, replanting alfalfa was beneficial to enhancing the groundwater use, reducing evapotranspiration ratio, and inhibiting soil salinity. Changing and increasing forage yield (feeding) and developing alfalfa planting was beneficial to the local salinization of fields.

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田德龍,侯晨麗,徐冰,李仙岳,任杰.苜蓿對(duì)農(nóng)田耗水過程與鹽分變化的影響[J].農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),2019,50(7):291-301. TIAN Delong, HOU Chenli, XU Bing, LI Xianyue, REN Jie. Effect of Alfalfa on Water Consumption Process and Salt Changes in Fields[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2019,50(7):291-301.

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  • 收稿日期:2019-01-24
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  • 在線發(fā)布日期: 2019-07-10
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