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覆膜和灌水量對農(nóng)田水熱動(dòng)態(tài)和制種玉米生長的影響
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國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(51679234,、91425302)


Effects of Film Mulching and Irrigation Amount on Farmland Water-Heat Dynamics and Growth of Seed-maize
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    摘要:

    覆膜和節(jié)水灌溉是我國西北旱區(qū)應(yīng)對水資源短缺、提高作物水分生產(chǎn)率的主要措施,。為了探索覆膜與灌溉制度對農(nóng)田水熱和制種玉米生長的綜合影響,,揭示農(nóng)田耗水及水分利用效率的變化規(guī)律,,于2017年在中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)石羊河流域農(nóng)業(yè)與生態(tài)節(jié)水試驗(yàn)站進(jìn)行了制種玉米田間試驗(yàn),設(shè)置覆膜與水分2個(gè)控制因素,,覆膜分別為完全覆膜(M1)與不覆膜(M0)2個(gè)水平,,水分設(shè)置W1、W2,、W3,、W4和W5 5個(gè)水平,分別為當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)灌溉定額的100%,、85%,、70%,、55%和40%,灌水方式為滴灌,,共10個(gè)處理,。結(jié)果表明:相同灌水條件下覆膜相對于不覆膜處理,可減少棵間蒸發(fā),,增高生育前期土壤溫度,,使株高和葉面積指數(shù)的增長速率高于不覆膜,提前7~10d達(dá)峰值,,增產(chǎn)達(dá)6.5%~44.6%,,水分利用效率提高16.9%~50.4%。但覆膜可阻滯降雨入滲,,以單次典型降雨32.4mm為例,,覆膜較不覆膜降雨入滲百分比降低22.4%。相同覆膜條件下,,土壤貯水消耗量隨著灌水量的減少而增多,,因此土壤貯水量隨著灌水量的增加而增加。灌水量越多,,制種玉米株高,、葉面積指數(shù)和最終干物質(zhì)累積量越高,而水分利用效率則越低,。覆膜條件下,,W1處理產(chǎn)量最高,W3次之,,且兩者之間無顯著性差異,,水分利用效率則為W5處理最高,W3次之,。M1W3處理可以在保證較高產(chǎn)量的同時(shí),,水分利用效率較MIW1提高17.6%。綜上,,在當(dāng)?shù)刂品N玉米生產(chǎn)中,,雖然覆膜可能減少地表降水入滲,但可以使生育期提前,、減少棵間蒸發(fā),,對于節(jié)水增產(chǎn)有一定的促進(jìn)作用。

    Abstract:

    Film mulching and water-saving irrigation are the main measures to cope with water resources shortage and increase crop water productivity in the arid region of Northwest China. In order to explore the comprehensive influence of film mulching and irrigation system on farmland water and heat condition and seed-maize growth and reveal the variation of farmland water consumption and water use efficiency, field experiments of seed-maize were conducted at Shiyanghe Experimental Station for Water-saving in Agriculture and Ecology of China Agricultural University in 2017. The experiments involved ten treatments, i.e., two levels of film mulching, full-mulching(M1)and non-mulching(M0)and five irrigation amount levels of drip irrigation, i.e., W1, W2, W3, W4 and W5, respectively 100%, 85%, 70%, 55% and 40% of the local traditional irrigation quota. Results showed that compared with non-mulching, film mulching can reduce soil evaporation and increase soil temperature in early stage, which resulted in higher growth rate of plant height and leaf area index, and reached their maximum values by 7~10d in advance, increased the yield of seed-maize by 6.5%~44.6% and the water use efficiency by 16.9%~50.4% under the same irrigation conditions. But film mulching can block rainfall infiltration. For example, when the rainfall was 32.4mm, the percentage of rainfall infiltration into the soil was 22.4% less than that of nonmulched treatment. Under the same film mulching condition, the consumption of soil water storage was increased with the decrease of irrigation amount, thus the soil water storage was increased with the increase of irrigation amount. The higher irrigation amount was, the higher the plant height, the LAI and the total dry biomass were, while the lower the water use efficiency was. The yield of W1 was the highest and that of W3 was the second under the condition of film mulching, and there was no significant difference between them. While for the water use efficiency, W5 was the highest and W3 was the second. The M1W3 treatment can keep higher maize yield with water use efficiency enhanced by 17.6% compared with that of M1W1. In conclusion, although field mulching may reduce the infiltration of rainfall, it can advance the growth period and reduce soil evaporation, which enhanced yield and saved water in the production of local seed-maize to some extent.

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趙引,毛曉敏,段萌.覆膜和灌水量對農(nóng)田水熱動(dòng)態(tài)和制種玉米生長的影響[J].農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),2018,49(8):275-284. ZHAO Yin, MAO Xiaomin, DUAN Meng. Effects of Film Mulching and Irrigation Amount on Farmland Water-Heat Dynamics and Growth of Seed-maize[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(8):275-284.

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  • 收稿日期:2018-03-15
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  • 在線發(fā)布日期: 2018-08-10
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