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華北平原滴灌施肥灌溉對冬小麥生長和耗水的影響
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“十二五”國家科技支撐計劃項目(2013BAD05B02,、2014BAD12B05,、2013BAD05B08)


Effects of Drip Fertigation on Winter Wheat Growth and Water Use in North China Plain
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    摘要:

    針對華北平原地區(qū)冬小麥水肥利用效率低且造成一定的面源污染問題,,研究了滴灌施肥灌溉對冬小麥生長、產(chǎn)量及其構成要素,、耗水量,、水分利用效率,、灌溉水利用效率和土壤養(yǎng)分分布的影響,。結果表明:滴灌施肥灌溉條件下,2013—2014,、2014—2015和2015—2016年冬小麥平均產(chǎn)量為7120.5kg/hm2,,相比當?shù)禺a(chǎn)量(6000kg/hm2)提高了18.7%,冬小麥穗粒數(shù)和千粒質量表現(xiàn)較好,,千粒質量平均提高了4.3g,。2013—2014、2014—2015和2015—2016年冬小麥全生育期耗水量平均為387.9mm,。播種期-拔節(jié)期降水量占階段耗水量的比例最大(52%),拔節(jié)期-抽穗期灌水量所占比例最大(78%),,而抽穗期-收獲期土壤儲水量的消耗量所占比例最大(54%),。3年度冬小麥全生育期耗水量各組成所占比例表現(xiàn)為:灌水量所占比例最大,為49%,,其次是土體儲水量的消耗量,,占總耗水量的25%,降水量占總耗水量的24%,地下水補給量占總耗水量的比例最小,,僅2%,。冬小麥水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率分別為1.8、3.9kg/m3,,相比地面灌溉分別提高了38%,、95%。養(yǎng)分主要分布在根區(qū)0~40cm土層內(nèi),,養(yǎng)分利用率高,,養(yǎng)分淋失少。因此,,華北平原地區(qū)控失肥作為底肥,,采用滴灌施肥灌溉進行隨水追肥,當施肥量為當?shù)厥┓柿康?0%時,,可提高冬小麥產(chǎn)量18.7%,,穗粒數(shù)和千粒質量表現(xiàn)較好。此外,,滴灌施肥灌溉可節(jié)水36%,,節(jié)肥30%,提高灌溉水利用效率95%,,提高水分利用效率38%,。

    Abstract:

    Aiming at the low efficiency of water and fertilizer in winter wheat which caused non-point source pollution in North China Plain, the objective of this experiment was to study the effects of drip fertigation on winter wheat growth, grain yield, water consumption, water use efficiency and nutrient distribution, and provide scientific basis and technical support for the application and extension of drip fertigation. Field experiments were conducted in 2013—2014, 2014—2015 and 2015—2016 three successive winter wheat growing seasons. Under drip fertigation, the fertilizer amount of fertigation was 70% of local fertilizer amount, and the soil matric potential at 0.2m depth for winter wheat was controlled higher than -40kPa. Results showed that under drip fertigation in winter wheat growing seasons in North China Plain, the average yield of winter wheat in 2013—2014, 2014—2015 and 2015—2016 was 7120.5kg/hm2, which was increased by 18.7%. The thousand kernel weight of winter wheat was increased by 4.3g averagely. The average water consumption was 387.9mm. Precipitation was the highest proportion of total water consumption, accounting for 52% in sowing to jointing stage, irrigation was the highest proportion (78%) in jointing to heading stage, while the soil water depletion was the highest (54%) in heading to harvest stage. In three winter wheat growing seasons, the percentage of different water sources in total water consumption showed that irrigation amount was the largest proportion (49%), the soil water consumption and precipitation accounted for 25% and 24%, the groundwater supplementary amount was the lowest, only 2%. Under drip fertigation, water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency for winter wheat was 1.8kg/m3 and 3.9kg/m3, which were increased by 38% and 95%, respectively compared with surface irrigation. The nutrient mainly distributed in 0~40cm layers with high nutrient efficiency and low nutrient leaching. In North China Plain, when the fertilizer amount of fertigation was 70% of local fertilizer amount with losscontrol fertilizer as basal fertilizer and drip irrigation, the grain yield was increased by 18.7% with better spike grain number and thousand kernel weight. Meanwhile, drip irrigation can save water by 36% and save fertilizer by 30%, improve irrigation water use efficiency by 95% and increase water use efficiency by 38%.

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白珊珊,萬書勤,康躍虎.華北平原滴灌施肥灌溉對冬小麥生長和耗水的影響[J].農(nóng)業(yè)機械學報,2018,49(2):269-276. BAI Shanshan, WAN Shuqin, KANG Yaohu. Effects of Drip Fertigation on Winter Wheat Growth and Water Use in North China Plain[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(2):269-276.

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  • 收稿日期:2017-06-30
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  • 在線發(fā)布日期: 2018-02-10
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