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華北土石山區(qū)模擬降雨下土壤濺蝕研究
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國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(41271300、30900866,、40771042)、“十二五”國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃資助項(xiàng)目(2011BAD38B0403)和中央高?;究蒲袠I(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)資助項(xiàng)目(TD2011—2)


Splash Erosion under Artificial Rainfall in Rocky Mountain Area of Northern China
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    摘要:

    采取野外模擬降雨試驗(yàn),研究了降雨強(qiáng)度,、降雨動(dòng)能以及降雨歷時(shí)對(duì)濺蝕量的影響規(guī)律,,分析了濺蝕土粒的距離、方位的分布特征,,以及濺蝕土粒的粒徑組成規(guī)律,。研究結(jié)果表明:雨滴擊濺過(guò)程中,在不同強(qiáng)度的降雨作用下,,下坡方向產(chǎn)生的濺蝕量最大,,上坡方向產(chǎn)生的濺蝕量最小。濺蝕總搬運(yùn)量與濺蝕凈搬運(yùn)量均與降雨強(qiáng)度呈正相關(guān),。濺蝕量與降雨強(qiáng)度呈指數(shù)函數(shù)關(guān)系,,與降雨動(dòng)能呈現(xiàn)線性函數(shù)關(guān)系,。濺蝕率與降雨歷時(shí)呈現(xiàn)指數(shù)函數(shù)關(guān)系,。濺蝕土粒主要分布在0~10cm,占濺蝕總搬運(yùn)量的45.40%~57.75%,,在50~60cm 內(nèi)的濺蝕量所占比例不高于1.75%,。濺蝕量與濺蝕距離呈負(fù)指數(shù)函數(shù)關(guān)系,。濺蝕土粒徑小于等于2mm,濺蝕土粒中細(xì)砂粒和粗粉粒百分比與原狀土壤較為接近,,粗砂粒百分比遠(yuǎn)低于原狀土壤,,而粘粒百分比高于原狀土壤,粉粒百分比低于原狀土壤,。濺蝕土粒中細(xì)砂粒(0.05~0.2mm)最易于被濺蝕,,而小粒徑(小于0.002mm)和大粒徑(大于0.2mm)土壤顆粒不易被濺蝕。當(dāng)降雨強(qiáng)度足夠大時(shí),,對(duì)于同種特征的土壤,,濺蝕土粒存在穩(wěn)定的粒徑組成。當(dāng)降雨強(qiáng)度保持不變時(shí),,濺蝕平均粒徑隨濺蝕距離的增加而變小,。濺蝕距離在0~30cm,濺蝕平均粒徑的變化率較大,;隨濺蝕距離的不斷增加,,濺蝕平均粒徑的變化率較小。

    Abstract:

    Raindrop-impact-induced erosion as the beginning of soil erosion had significant impact on the whole erosion process. In order to systematically understand the effect of rainfall characteristics on splash characteristics of Beijing, artificial rainfall experiment was conducted. Rainfall intensity, rainfall kinetic energy and duration of raining time were chosen to analyze the splash regulation. The characteristics of splash distance and fragment size distribution were also tested. The results of rainfall caused splash erosion indicated that during the splash erosion process, the quantity of splashed soil particles in down slope had a significantly larger amount than that of the up slope, while the quantity of up slope was the smallest of all the four directions. The amount of total splashed particles and net splashed particles were all positively related to rainfall intensity. Quantity of splashed soil particles was significantly positively correlated to rainfall intensity and rainfall kinetic energy, respectively. The quantity of splashed soil particles was exponentially increased with rainfall intensity. And a linear function could show the relationship between quantity of splashed soil particles and rainfall kinetic energy. The rate of total splashed soil particles decreased exponentially with duration of raining time. The splashed fragments distributed mainly in 0~10cm of the study plot, which accounted 45.4%~57.75% of the total splash erosion, while that in 50~60cm of the plot was less than 1.75%. The quantity of splashed particles was exponentially decreased with splash distance. The splashed fragment size distribution showed that fragments smaller than 2mm were transported by raindrop impacts. The mass percentage of splashed soil particles with size of 0.02~0.05mm and 0.05~0.2mm was similar to that of the texted soil. The content of fragments with size less than 0.02mm was higher than that of texted soil, while the content of fragments with size of 0.2~2mm was lower. The mass percentage of particles with size of 0.05~0.2mm was the most, while the mass percentage of particles with size less than 0.002mm and size of 0.05~0.2mm were the least. Theoretically,,the quantity of splashed soil particles with certain fragment size distribution of soil reached the peak. The percentage of splashed soil particles with size less than 0.05mm increased with rainfall intensity, and then almost kept the same. The percentage of splashed soil particles with size of 0.05~0.2mm was negatively correlated with rainfall intensity. The percentage of splashed soil particles with size of 0.2~2mm increased with rainfall intensity. Splashed fragment size distribution kept the same when rainfall intensity was large enough. The amount of five kinds of splashed soil particles were all exponentially decreased with splash distance with high correlationship respectively, which was the same as that of total amount of splashed soil particles. Mean size distribution decreased with splash distance under the same rainfall intensity. Mean size distribution was significantly higher under 121.4mm/h rainfall intensity than other three rainfall intensities. The changing rate of mean size distribution was large in 0~30cm from the study plot, and the changing rate decreased as the splash distance increased.

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程金花,秦越,張洪江,叢月,楊帆,閆永慶.華北土石山區(qū)模擬降雨下土壤濺蝕研究[J].農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),2015,46(2):153-161. Cheng Jinhua, Qin Yue, Zhang Hongjiang, Cong Yue, Yang Fan, Yan Yongqing. Splash Erosion under Artificial Rainfall in Rocky Mountain Area of Northern China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(2):153-161.

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  • 收稿日期:2014-03-04
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  • 在線發(fā)布日期: 2015-02-10
  • 出版日期: 2015-02-10
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